TY - JOUR
AU - Patrick Gontar
AU - Julia Behrend
AU - Hendrik Homans
AU - Frédéric Dehais
AU - Klaus Bengler
AU - Michelle Rostalski
AB - The increasing prevalence of technology in modern airliners brings not just advantages, but also the potential for cyber threats. Fortunately, there have been no significant attacks on civil aircraft to date, which allows the handling of these emerging threats to be approached proactively. Although an ample body of research into technical defense strategies exists, current research neglects to take the human operator into account. In this study, we present an exploratory experiment focusing on pilots confronted with a cyber-attack. Results show that the occurrence of an attack affects all dependent variables: pilots' workload, trust, eye-movements, and behavior. Pilots experiencing an attack report heavier workload and weakened trust in the system than pilots whose aircraft is not under attack. Further, pilots who experienced an attack monitored basic flying instruments less and their performance deteriorated. A warning about a potential attack seems to moderate several of those effects. Our analysis prompts us to recommend incorporating cyber-awareness into pilots' recurrent training; we also argue that one has to consider all affected personnel when designing such training. Future research should target the development of appropriate procedures and training techniques to prepare pilots to correctly identify and respond to cyber-attacks. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
BT - Elsevier BV
DA - 2018-06
DO - 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2018.01.004
N1 - Our results show that cyber-attacks influence pilots' workload, trust in the system, visual information acquisition behavior, and performance. We were able to show that a warning about an impending cyber-attack can moderate several of those effects but cannot completely obviate them. Thus the cyber-attack and the warning have to be taken into account when one wants to attenuate the aforementioned effects.
N2 - The increasing prevalence of technology in modern airliners brings not just advantages, but also the potential for cyber threats. Fortunately, there have been no significant attacks on civil aircraft to date, which allows the handling of these emerging threats to be approached proactively. Although an ample body of research into technical defense strategies exists, current research neglects to take the human operator into account. In this study, we present an exploratory experiment focusing on pilots confronted with a cyber-attack. Results show that the occurrence of an attack affects all dependent variables: pilots' workload, trust, eye-movements, and behavior. Pilots experiencing an attack report heavier workload and weakened trust in the system than pilots whose aircraft is not under attack. Further, pilots who experienced an attack monitored basic flying instruments less and their performance deteriorated. A warning about a potential attack seems to moderate several of those effects. Our analysis prompts us to recommend incorporating cyber-awareness into pilots' recurrent training; we also argue that one has to consider all affected personnel when designing such training. Future research should target the development of appropriate procedures and training techniques to prepare pilots to correctly identify and respond to cyber-attacks. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2018
T2 - Elsevier BV
TI - Are pilots prepared for a cyber-attack? A human factors approach to the experimental evaluation of pilots' behavior
UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969699717300510?casa_token=E0jFvZiNjrUAAAAA:UtAir0QaL3ns9XMvbgOlPQw4Yb4CWmXz4uc5vkhsndzgpQ6JpPw_Um7WJVo8NaTCjnbilA2YMNc
SN - 0969-6997
ER -