01543nas a2200373   4500000000100000008004100001260001200042100001800054700001900072700002100091700002200112700001500134700001900149700002200168700002700190700002100217700001600238700001900254700002100273700001600294700001800310700001600328700001900344700002200363700002200385700002100407700002100428700001900449700001700468245007300485856007200558520052500630022001401155       2023                            d  c2023-081 aEdward Schrom1 aSimon A. Levin1 aAndrea L. Graham1 aStephanie Forrest1 aAnn Kinzig1 aStuart Feldman1 aCarl T. Bergstrom1 aCarlos Castillo-Chavez1 aJames P. Collins1 aAdam Doupé1 aRob J. de Boer1 aJennifer Rexford1 aRoya Ensafi1 aMelanie Moses1 aCarlo Maley1 aSilvie Huijben1 aJ. Alex Halderman1 aBryan T. Grenfell1 aAlan S. Perelson1 aCharles Perrings1 aJoshua Plotkin1 aMohit Tiwari00aChallenges in cybersecurity: Lessons from biological defense systems  uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S00255564230006523 awe present a conceptual framework for structured comparisons across the fields of biological immunity and cybersecurity, by framing the context of defense, considering different (combinations of) defensive strategies, and evaluating defensive performance. Throughout this paper, we pose open questions for further exploration. We hope to spark the interdisciplinary discovery of general principles of optimal defense, which can be understood and applied in biological immunity, cybersecurity, and other defensive realms.  a0025-5564