01128nas a2200169   4500000000100000008004100001260001500042100002500057700002100082700001800103700002300121700002000144245008000164856006200244520063800306022001400944       2023                            d  c2023-09-011 aZbigniew Ciekanowski1 aMarek Gruchelski1 aJulia Nowicka1 aSlawomir Żurawski1 aYury Pauliuchuk00aCyberspace as a source of new threats to the security of the European Union  uhttps://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/1149743 aThe primary research question is formulated as follows:
Does the European Union play a significant role in shaping cybersecurity? Correspondingly, the hypothesis adopted to address the research question is as follows: The EU takes actions to enhance resilience against cyberattacks. In the initial section of the article, fundamental concepts of cyber security and cyberspace are defined. Subsequently, EU tools, Union legal regulations, as well as the obligations of key entities pertaining to cyber threats are presented. The main part of the article provides a detailed characterization of new and majorthreats to EU member states  a1108-2976