@article{23,
  author = {Edward Schrom and Simon A. Levin and Andrea L. Graham and Stephanie Forrest and Ann Kinzig and Stuart Feldman and Carl T. Bergstrom and Carlos Castillo-Chavez and James P. Collins and Adam Doupé and Rob J. de Boer and Jennifer Rexford and Roya Ensafi and Melanie Moses and Carlo Maley and Silvie Huijben and J. Alex Halderman and Bryan T. Grenfell and Alan S. Perelson and Charles Perrings and Joshua Plotkin and Mohit Tiwari},
  title = {Challenges in cybersecurity: Lessons from biological defense systems},
  abstract = {we present a conceptual framework for structured comparisons across the fields of biological immunity and cybersecurity, by framing the context of defense, considering different (combinations of) defensive strategies, and evaluating defensive performance. Throughout this paper, we pose open questions for further exploration. We hope to spark the interdisciplinary discovery of general principles of optimal defense, which can be understood and applied in biological immunity, cybersecurity, and other defensive realms.},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Elsevier BV},
  month = {2023-08},
  issn = {0025-5564},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025556423000652},
  doi = {10.1016/j.mbs.2023.109024},
  note = {Across evolved biological immunity and engineered cybersecurity, we find meaningful parallels in how the defensive contexts are framed, strategies chosen, and performance evaluated. Especially as technological advances allow these two defensive systems to resemble one another more closely, we believe that carefully drawn analogies between these systems can reveal general principles of defensive design to protect against unpredictable attacks. Lists of proposed principles already exist in some fields , but their generality across systems has not been examined in depth, either theoretically or practically. We hope the open questions articulated above will spark collaborative study, whether by sharing data and analytical techniques or constructing theoretical models. Finally, as general defensive design principles emerge, we hope to see them vetted and successfully deployed in other realms, such as national defense against domestic and international terrorism, and public health defense against zooneses and epidemics.},
}