@article{169,
  author = {Marcello Ienca and Effy Vayena},
  title = {Dual use in the 21st century: emerging risks and global governance},
  abstract = {This paper identifies three major trends that are likely to characterise dual use dilemmas in the near future: the diversification of dual use domains, the digitalisation of potential threats and the proliferation of
actors. },
  year = {2018},
  journal = {SMW Supporting Association},
  month = {2018-12-02},
  issn = {1424-3997},
  url = {https://www.smw.ch/index.php/smw/article/download/2545/3991},
  doi = {10.4414/smw.2018.14688},
  note = {This analysis illustrates an increasingly heterogeneous and fragmented risk scenario, which can hardly be effectively governed top-down from a centralised authority. We propose that in order to meet the critical challenges of dual use in the 21st century, a global and distributed governance is needed. In contrast to globally binding sets of legal mechanisms administered by a central and hierarchical authority supported by leading powers, we suggest a global and decentralised governance architecture encompassing multilevel, multipolar and bottom-up strategies that can stretch across a spectrum of stakeholders and scientific domains in an agile, proactive and adaptive manner. Finally, we discuss how Switzerland can take a leading role in the promotion and development of this global governance architecture.},
}