@misc{159,
  author = {Seumas Miller},
  title = {Concept of Dual Use},
  abstract = {There are a number of different preliminary definitions of dual use familiar in the literature. Research or technology is dual use if it can be used for both: (1) Military and civilian (i.e. non-military) purposes; (2) Beneficial and harmful purposes—where the harmful purposes are to be realised by means of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs); (3) Beneficial and harmful purposes—where either the harmful purposes involve the use of weapons as means, and usually WMDs in particular, or the harm aimed at is on a large-scale but does not necessarily involve weapons or weaponisation. },
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Springer International Publishing},
  month = {2018},
  issn = {2211-8101},
  url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-92606-3_2},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-92606-3_2},
  note = {I favour the third definition of “dual use”—at least as a preliminary definition—since some dual use research, such as Gain of Function research in the biological sciences, need not involve a process of weaponisation or a military purpose. However, further conceptual unpacking is called for and provided in this chapter.},
}